Principal Investigator
Molly Fox, Ph.D.
Assistant professor
Department of Anthropology
Department of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences
UCLA
Within the frameworks of evolutionary and developmental biology, my research focuses on maternal and grandmaternal transgenerational transmission of genes, phenotypes, life-history patterns, and disease risk. I synthesize information from molecular, clinical, epidemiological, and anthropological research towards understanding the evolutionary context of human health and disease, family and societal structure, and addressing global health challenges.
Click here to link to my electronic CV
Mothers' Cultural Experiences study
"Mothers' Cultural Experiences" is a research study about women’s cultural identities, preferences, and experiences, and how these relate to the biology of pregnancy. Knowledge gained from this study may improve our ability to measure how women adjust to new cultures and ways of life, and why moving to a new culture affects people’s health differently. We're also interested in how women's experiences may affect health across generations in minority communities.
Female reproductive physiology may be at the nexus of immigrant socio-cultural experiences and trans-generational decline in health. The Mothers’ Cultural Experiences (MCE) study is a 2-wave, multi-site project designed to evaluate how the socio-cultural changes that occur with immigration among Latino Americans may become ‘biologically embedded,’ and in the case of pregnant women, could affect certain biological pathways that influence fetal developmental programming of offspring chronic disease risk. Any aspect of the mother’s life that affects her physiology during pregnancy has the potential to transmit differential signals to the developing fetus and thereby play a role in shaping offspring traits. We propose that acculturation and socio-cultural context could influence relevant systems in pregnancy biology involved in fetal development. Our hypothesis may offer an explanation for why epidemiolgists observe declining health across generations among Latino Americans despite improving socio-economic status.
This project has been funded by the NIH NIDDK and NIMHD, and from as two internal UCLA grants: Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) Core Voucher Award, and Center for the Study of Women Faculty Research Grant.
Development of the human infant microbiome and cognitive function
The first year of life represents a sensitive period of development for both the intestinal ecosystem and the central nervous system. This project investigates how disturbance in the complex assembly of gut microbiota affects development of the brain. The gut and brain are physiologically linked in a bi-directional communication and control system. While a growing body of research implicates this ‘gut-brain axis’ in adult disease etiology, little is known about how the gut-brain axis functions in infant development.
This project has been funded by two seed grants from the UCLA California Center for Population Research and DNA Genotek.
Alzheimer's Life History project
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that involves signatures of disease throughout the whole body, not just the brain. Identifying peripheral risk factors and pathogenic processes across the lifespan has the potential to reveal new targets of intervention before major neurodegeneration occurs. My work focuses on hormone dynamics and the ability to suppress inflammation as key biomechanisms through which certain AD risk and resilience factors may exert their effects. The lifespan risk and resiliance factors on which I focus are female reproductive life-history (a woman’s own history of pregnancies, breastfeeding, etc) and symbiotic microbiota (microorgansisms, such as bacteria, that live in the human body without causing disease).
I adopt an evolutionary medicine approach to advance an argument that recent changes in reproductive life-history and symbiotic microbiota have enhanced AD risk. Long lifespan is a hallmark feature of the human species and natural selection may have favored this trait because of our reliance on intelligence and functional competence during later life phases. Yet almost nothing is known about when AD emerged alongside the history of humans living into old age. My work addresses this issue.
This project is funded by a UCLA Hellman Fellowship.
PUBLICATIONS
Click on article title to download PDF
Hanadi Ajam Oughli, Sarah Nguyen, Prabha Siddarth, Molly Fox, Michaela Milillo, Helen Lavretsky. (2022) The Effect of Cumulative Lifetime Estrogen Exposure on Cognition in Depressed versus Non-Depressed Older Women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Accepted.
Molly Fox. Evolutionary Perspectives on Alzheimer’s Disease. (2022) In: Evolutionary Psychiatry: Current Perspectives on Evolution and Mental Health, edited by Dr Riadh Abed and Dr Paul St John-Smith. Cambridge University Press. [book chapter, in press]
Molly Fox and Kyle S. Wiley. (2022) How a pregnant woman’s relationships with her siblings relate to her mental health: a prenatal allocare perspective. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health. 10(1), 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoab044
Molly Fox, Prabha Siddarth, Hanadi Ajam Oughli, Sarah A Nguyen, Michaela M Milillo, Yesenia Aguilar, Linda Ercoli, Helen Lavretsky. (2021) Women who breastfeed exhibit cognitive benefits after age 50. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health. 9(1):322-31
Molly Fox, S. Melanie Lee, Kyle S. Wiley, Venu Lagishetty, Curt A. Sandman, Jonathan P. Jacobs, Laura M. Glynn. (2021) Development of the infant gut microbiome predicts temperament across the first year of life. Development and Psychopathology. In press doi:10.1017/S0954579421000456
Molly Fox. (2021) Discrimination as a moderator of the effects of acculturation and cultural values on mental health among pregnant and postpartum Latina women. American Anthropologist. 123(4), 780-804.
Molly Fox, Delaney A. Knorr, Kacey M. Haptonstall (2019) Alzheimer’s Disease and symbiotic microbiota: an evolutionary perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nyas.14129
Molly Fox. (2018) ‘Evolutionary medicine' perspectives on Alzheimer's Disease: Review and new directions. Aging Research Reviews. 47 (2018) 140-148, doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.008
Molly Fox, Carlo Berzuini, Leslie A. Knapp, Laura M. Glynn. (2018) Women's pregnancy life-history and Alzheimer's risk: can immunoregulation explain the link? American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias. doi: 10.1177/1533317518786447
Laura M. Glynn*, Mariann A. Howland*, Molly Fox*. (2018) Maternal programming: Application of a developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology. 30 (2018), 905–919. http://bit.ly/maternalprogramming
Molly Fox, Zaneta M. Thayer, Isabel F. Ramos, Sarah J. Meskal, Pathik D. Wadhwa. (2018). Prenatal and Postnatal Mother-to-Child Transmission of Acculturation’s Health Effects in Hispanic Americans. Journal of Women's Health. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2017.6526. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/jwh.2017.6526
Molly Fox, Curt A. Sandman, Elysia Poggi Davis, Laura M. Glynn. (2018) A longitudinal study of women's depression symptom profiles during and after the postpartum phase. Depression and Anxiety. 2018:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22719
Molly Fox, Zaneta Thayer, Pathik D. Wadhwa. (2017) Acculturation and Health: The Moderating Role of Sociocultural Context. American Anthropologist. 119(3): 405–421.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aman.12867/abstract
Molly Fox, Laura M. Glynn. (2017) Fetal programming of gender. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender. K Nadal, Ed. SAGE Publications, Inc.: Thousand Oaks. Link to Full Text
Molly Fox, Zaneta Thayer, Pathik D. Wadhwa. (2017) Assessment of acculturation in minority health research. Social Science & Medicine. 176: 123-132.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617300369
Jennifer Hahn-Holbrook, Molly Fox, Laura Glynn. (2016) Demonstration of Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid CRH Levels during Pregnancy Provides Support for (Not Against) the Link between CRH and Postpartum Depression. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 101(2):L5-6
http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2015-3798
Molly Fox, Curt A. Sandman, Elysia Poggi Davis, Laura M. Glynn. (2015) Intra-individual consistency in endocrine profiles across successive pregnancies. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 100 (12): 4637-4647.
http://press.endocrine.org/doi/10.1210/jc.2015-2620
Molly Fox, Sonja Entringer, Claudia Buss, Jessica DeHaene, Pathik Wadhwa. (2015) Intergenerational transmission of the effects of acculturation on health in Hispanic Americans: a fetal/developmental programming perspective. American Journal of Public Health. 105(S3): S409-S423.
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302571
Paul W. Andrews, Kyowon R. Lee, Molly Fox, Aadil Bharwani, J. Anderson Thomson, Jr. (2014) Is serotonin an upper or a downer? The evolution of the serotonergic system and its role in
depression and the antidepressant response. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 51, 164–188.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763415000287
Molly Fox, Carlo Berzuini, Leslie A. Knapp. (2013) Cumulative estrogen exposure, number of menstrual cycles, and Alzheimer's risk in a cohort of British women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38(12), 2973–2982. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.08.005.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453013002941
Molly Fox, Corey L. Fincher, Paul W. Andrews, Leslie A. Knapp. (2013) Hygiene and the world distribution of Alzheimer’s Disease. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health. doi: 10.1093/emph/eot015.
http://emph.oxfordjournals.org/content/2013/1/173
Molly Fox, Carlo Berzuini, Leslie A. Knapp. (2013) Maternal breastfeeding history and Alzheimer’s risk. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 37 (4), 809-821. doi: 10.3233/JAD-130152
http://iospress.metapress.com/content/gr8353774g62515l/
Molly Fox, Johannes Johow, Leslie A. Knapp. (2011) The Selfish Grandma Gene: The Roles of the X- Chromosome and Paternity Uncertainty in the Evolution of Grandmothering Behavior and Longevity. International Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2011, Article ID 165919, 9 pages.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21716697
Johannes Johow, Molly Fox, Leslie A. Knapp, Eckart Voland (2011). The presence of a paternal grandmother lengthens interbirth interval following the birth of a granddaughter in Krummhörn (18th and 19th centuries). Evolution and Human Behavior. 32 (5), 315-325.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513810001261
Molly Fox, Rebecca Sear, Jan Beise, Gillian Ragsdale, Eckart Voland, Leslie A. Knapp. (2010). Grandma plays favourites: X-chromosome relatedness and sex-specific childhood mortality. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277 (1681), 567-573.
PhDs and Postdocs
Delaney Knorr
PhD student
Delaney Knorr is exploring topics of women’s health and disease from an evolutionary perspective. Her focus centers on the immunological changes mounted during pregnancy, and the effect those changes have on the individual through their life-course and the subsequent generation.
Kyle Wiley, PhD
Postdoctoral Fellow
Kyle Wiley is an NIH F32 fellow funded by the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD).
LAB GROUP
UCLA grad students
Current members: Delaney Knorr, Davis Mai, Amanda Reshke, Emma Dixon, Adiba Hassan, Dayoon Kwon, Ingrid Cely, Hash Brown Taha
Former members: Andrew Balayan, Valeria Vasquez, Kotrina Kojokaite, Jackelyn Moya, Kristine Chua, Lorena Espinoza, Nichole Evans, Andrew Mitchel, Kacey Peters, Ainsley Belisle, Michael Parrish
UCLA undergrad students
Current members: Desiree Eshraghi, Monica Gonzalez, Arlene Francia, Julissa Robles, Jennifer Cruz, Jackeline Barragán, Melanie Krahn, Sunny Xiao, Karina Acevedo, Joan Moci, Lexi Tempera, Owen Pogue
Former members: Danielle Taylor, Alan Liang, Alexandria Lee, Kate Elliott, Melanie Fun, Emily Wang, Khoa Tran, Phuong Tran, Andrew Osgood, Sarah Meskal, Jenneffer Vazquez, Michelle Tenggara, Olivia Schulist, Waania Beg, Zoe Hull, Allison Lipschitz, Celeste Castro, Janelly Bernice, Katherine Najarro, Alex Tenorio, Cynthia Zarate, Armen Akopyan, Michelle Herrera, Michelle Silva, Gladys Bello, Megan Blatt, Allison Whang, Cate Remphrey, Bethany Ru, Jhoana Garcia, Paulina Salas, Janelly Jimenez, Samantha Garcia, Leticia Camacho, Paulina Salas, Briauna Archer, Valeria Rojas, Andy Estrada, Gladys Bello, Erin Hu, Megan Kirshner
UC Irvine students, former: Itzel Garcia, Micaela Maciel, Valeria Calvillo, Elizabeth Flores
Other schools + Postbac
Former members: Andrea Ambor, Anthony Sanabria, Kristin Gasca, Allen Siegler, Maria Klingler; Julia Rothschild, Amberly Gangi, Julia Barnett, Tian Walker, Zenaida Flores, Coralia Guandique, Jessica Percic
2021-2022
(MCE meeting)
2020-2021
2018-2019
2018-2019
2017-2018
Please get in touch by filling in the form below. I'm always looking for new ways to connect with colleagues and students! Are you interested in joining my lab as a research assistant or graduate student? I work with undergrads, gap year students, Masters students, and other graduate students (e.g. in medicine or other health sciences) as research assistants in the projects described above.
RAs must commit to a minimum of 9-months with the lab. Please highlight any experience doing lab bench work that involves pipetting.
If you are interested in applying the UCLA PhD program in Biological Anthropology to work with me as your primary mentor, I am particularly looking for graduate students interested Alzheimer's Disease, autoimmunity, biomechanisms of aging, pregnancy, placental physiology, lactation, mother-infant development, or any of the topics described on this website.
© 2019